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Code should execute sequentially if run in a Jupyter notebook

# Setting up Your Python Environment¶

## Overview¶

In this lecture you will learn how to

1. get a Python environment up and running with all the necessary tools
2. execute simple Python commands
3. run a sample program
4. install the code libraries that underpin these lectures

## Anaconda¶

The core Python package is easy to install but not what you should choose for these lectures

These lectures require the entire scientific programming ecosystem, which

• the core installation doesn’t provide
• is painful to install one piece at a time

Hence the best approach for our purposes is to install a free Python distribution that contains

1. the core Python language and
2. the most popular scientific libraries

The best such distribution is Anaconda

Anaconda is

• very popular
• cross platform
• comprehensive
• completely unrelated to the Nicki Minaj song of the same name

Anaconda also comes with a great package management system to organize your code libraries

All of what follows assumes that you adopt this recommendation!

### Installing Anaconda¶

Important points:

• If you are asked during the installation process whether you’d like to make Anaconda your default Python installation, say yes
• Otherwise you can accept all of the defaults

### Updating Anaconda¶

Anaconda supplies a tool called conda to manage and upgrade your Anaconda packages

One conda command you should execute regularly is the one that updates the whole Anaconda distribution

As a practice run, please execute the following

1. Open up a terminal
2. Type conda update anaconda

## Jupyter Notebooks¶

Jupyter notebooks are one of the many possible ways to interact with Python and the scientific libraries

They use a browser-based interface to Python with

• The ability to write and execute Python commands
• Formatted output in the browser, including tables, figures, animation, etc.
• The option to mix in formatted text and mathematical expressions

Because of these possibilities, Jupyter is fast turning into a major player in the scientific computing ecosystem

Here’s an image of showing execution of some code (borrowed from here) in a Jupyter notebook

You can find a nice example of the kinds of things you can do in a Jupyter notebook (such as include maths and text) here

While Jupyter isn’t the only way to code in Python, it’s great for when you wish to

• start coding in Python
• test new ideas or interact with small pieces of code
• share or collaborate scientific ideas with students or colleagues

These lectures are designed for executing in Jupyter notebooks

### Starting the Jupyter Notebook¶

Once you have installed Anaconda, you can start the Jupyter notebook

Either

• open up a terminal and type jupyter notebook

• Windows users should substitute “Anaconda command prompt” for “terminal” in the previous line

If you use the second option, you will see something like this (click to enlarge)

The output tells us the notebook is running at http://localhost:8888/

• localhost is the name of the local machine
• 8888 refers to port number 8888 on your computer

Thus, the Jupyter kernel is listening for Python commands on port 8888 of our local machine

Hopefully your default browser has also opened up with a web page that looks something like this (click to enlarge)

What you see here is called the Jupyter dashboard

If you look at the URL at the top, it should be localhost:8888 or similar, matching the message above

Assuming all this has worked OK, you can now click on New at top right and select Python 3 or similar

Here’s what shows up on our machine:

The notebook displays an active cell, into which you can type Python commands

### Notebook Basics¶

#### Running Cells¶

Notice that in the previous figure the cell is surrounded by a green border

This means that the cell is in edit mode

As a result, you can type in Python code and it will appear in the cell

When you’re ready to execute the code in a cell, hit Shift-Enter instead of the usual Enter

(Note: There are also menu and button options for running code in a cell that you can find by exploring)

The next thing to understand about the Jupyter notebook is that it uses a modal editing system

This means that the effect of typing at the keyboard depends on which mode you are in

The two modes are

1. Edit mode

• Indicated by a green border around one cell
• Whatever you type appears as is in that cell
2. Command mode

• The green border is replaced by a grey border
• Key strokes are interpreted as commands — for example, typing b adds a new cell below the current one

To switch to

• command mode from edit mode, hit the Esc key or Ctrl-M
• edit mode from command mode, hit Enter or click in a cell

The modal behavior of the Jupyter notebook is a little tricky at first but very efficient when you get used to it

#### User Interface Tour¶

At this stage we recommend you take your time to

• look at the various options in the menus and see what they do
• take the “user interface tour”, which can be accessed through the help menu

#### Inserting unicode (e.g., Greek letters)¶

Python 3 introduced support for unicode characters, allowing the use of characters such as α and β in your code

Unicode characters can be typed quickly in Jupyter using the tab key

Try creating a new code cell and typing \alpha, then hitting the tab key on your keyboard

#### A Test Program¶

Let’s run a test program

Here’s an arbitrary program we can use: http://matplotlib.org/1.4.1/examples/pie_and_polar_charts/polar_bar_demo.html

On that page you’ll see the following code

In [1]:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

N = 20
θ = np.linspace(0.0, 2 * np.pi, N, endpoint=False)
width = np.pi / 4 * np.random.rand(N)

ax = plt.subplot(111, polar=True)
bars = ax.bar(θ, radii, width=width, bottom=0.0)

# Use custom colors and opacity
for r, bar in zip(radii, bars):
bar.set_facecolor(plt.cm.jet(r / 10.))
bar.set_alpha(0.5)

plt.show()


Don’t worry about the details for now — let’s just run it and see what happens

The easiest way to run this code is to copy and paste into a cell in the notebook

(In older versions of Jupyter you might need to add the command %matplotlib inline before you generate the figure)

### Working with the Notebook¶

Here are a few more tips on working with Jupyter notebooks

#### Tab Completion¶

In the previous program we executed the line import numpy as np

• NumPy is a numerical library we’ll work with in depth

After this import command, functions in NumPy can be accessed with np.<function_name> type syntax

• For example, try np.random.randn(3)

We can explore this attributes of np using the Tab key

For example, here we type np.ran and hit Tab (click to enlarge)

Jupyter offers up the two possible completions, random and rank

In this way, the Tab key helps remind you of what’s available, and also saves you typing

#### On-Line Help¶

To get help on np.rank, say, we can execute np.rank?

Documentation appears in a split window of the browser, like so

Clicking in the top right of the lower split closes the on-line help

#### Other Content¶

In addition to executing code, the Jupyter notebook allows you to embed text, equations, figures and even videos in the page

For example, here we enter a mixture of plain text and LaTeX instead of code

Next we Esc to enter command mode and then type m to indicate that we are writing Markdown, a mark-up language similar to (but simpler than) LaTeX

(You can also use your mouse to select Markdown from the Code drop-down box just below the list of menu items)

Now we Shift+Enter to produce this

### Sharing Notebooks¶

Notebook files are just text files structured in JSON and typically ending with .ipynb

You can share them in the usual way that you share files — or by using web services such as nbviewer

The notebooks you see on that site are static html representations

To run one, download it as an ipynb file by clicking on the download icon at the top right

Save it somewhere, navigate to it from the Jupyter dashboard and then run as discussed above

### QuantEcon Notes¶

QuantEcon has its own site for sharing Jupyter notebooks related to economics – QuantEcon Notes

Notebooks submitted to QuantEcon Notes can be shared with a link, and are open to comments and votes by the commnuity

## Installing Libraries¶

Most of the libraries we need come in Anaconda

Other libraries can be installed with pip

One library we’ll be using is QuantEcon.py

You can install QuantEcon.py by starting Jupyter and typing

!pip install quantecon

into a cell

Alternatively, you can type the following into a terminal

pip install quantecon

More instructions can be found on the library page

pip install --upgrade quantecon

Another library we will be using is interpolation.py

This can be installed by typing in Jupyter

!pip install interpolation

## Working with Files¶

How does one run a locally saved Python file?

There are a number of ways to do this but let’s focus on methods using Jupyter notebooks

### Option 1: Copy and Paste¶

The steps are:

2. Click on your file to open it with a text editor
3. Copy and paste into a cell and Shift-Enter

### Method 2: Run¶

Using the run command is often easier than copy and paste

• For example, %run test.py will run the file test.py

(You might find that the % is unnecessary — use %automagic to toggle the need for %)

Note that Jupyter only looks for test.py in the present working directory (PWD)

If test.py isn’t in that directory, you will get an error

Let’s look at a successful example, where we run a file test.py with contents:

In [2]:
for i in range(5):
print('foobar')

foobar
foobar
foobar
foobar
foobar


Here’s the notebook (click to enlarge)

Here

• pwd asks Jupyter to show the PWD (or %pwd — see the comment about automagic above)

• This is where Jupyter is going to look for files to run
• Your output will look a bit different depending on your OS
• ls asks Jupyter to list files in the PWD (or %ls)

• Note that test.py is there (on our computer, because we saved it there earlier)
• cat test.py asks Jupyter to print the contents of test.py (or !type test.py on Windows)

• run test.py runs the file and prints any output

### But file X isn’t in my PWD!¶

If you’re trying to run a file not in the present working director, you’ll get an error

To fix this error you need to either

1. Shift the file into the PWD, or
2. Change the PWD to where the file lives

One way to achieve the first option is to use the Upload button

• The button is on the top level dashboard, where Jupyter first opened to
• Look where the pointer is in this picture

The second option can be achieved using the cd command

• On Windows it might look like this cd C:/Python27/Scripts/dir
• On Linux / OSX it might look like this cd /home/user/scripts/dir

Note: You can type the first letter or two of each directory name and then use the tab key to expand

It’s often convenient to be able to see your code before you run it

In the following example we execute load white_noise_plot.py where white_noise_plot.py is in the PWD

(Use %load if automagic is off)

Now the code from the file appears in a cell ready to execute

### Saving Files¶

To save the contents of a cell as file foo.py

• put %%file foo.py as the first line of the cell
• Shift+Enter

Here %%file is an example of a cell magic

## Editors and IDEs¶

The preceding discussion covers most of what you need to know to interact with this website

However, as you start to write longer programs, you might want to experiment with your workflow

There are many different options and we mention them only in passing

### JupyterLab¶

JupyterLab is an integrated development environment centered around Jupyter notebooks

It is available through Anaconda and will soon be made the default environment for Jupyter notebooks

### Text Editors¶

A text editor is an application that is specifically designed to work with text files — such as Python programs

Nothing beats the power and efficiency of a good text editor for working with program text

A good text editor will provide

• efficient text editing commands (e.g., copy, paste, search and replace)
• syntax highlighting, etc.

Among the most popular are Sublime Text and Atom

For a top quality open source text editor with a steeper learning curve, try Emacs

If you want an outstanding free text editor and don’t mind a seemingly vertical learning curve plus long days of pain and suffering while all your neural pathways are rewired, try Vim

### Text Editors Plus IPython Shell¶

A text editor is for writing programs

To run them you can continue to use Jupyter as described above

Another option is to use the excellent IPython shell

To use an IPython shell, open up a terminal and type ipython

You should see something like this

The IPython shell has many of the features of the notebook: tab completion, color syntax, etc.

It also has command history through the arrow key

The up arrow key to brings previously typed commands to the prompt

This saves a lot of typing…

Here’s one set up, on a Linux box, with

• a file being edited in Vim
• An IPython shell next to it, to run the file

### IDEs¶

IDEs are Integrated Development Environments, which allow you to edit, execute and interact with code from an integrated environment

One of the most popular in recent times is VS Code, which is now available via Anaconda

## Exercises¶

### Exercise 1¶

If Jupyter is still running, quit by using Ctrl-C at the terminal where you started it

Now launch again, but this time using jupyter notebook --no-browser

This should start the kernel without launching the browser

Note also the startup message: It should give you a URL such as http://localhost:8888 where the notebook is running

Now

1. Start your browser — or open a new tab if it’s already running
2. Enter the URL from above (e.g. http://localhost:8888) in the address bar at the top

You should now be able to run a standard Jupyter notebook session

This is an alternative way to start the notebook that can also be handy

### Exercise 2¶

This exercise will familiarize you with git and GitHub

Git is a version control system — a piece of software used to manage digital projects such as code libraries

In many cases the associated collections of files — called repositories — are stored on GitHub

GitHub is a wonderland of collaborative coding projects

For example, it hosts many of the scientific libraries we’ll be using later on, such as this one

Git is the underlying software used to manage these projects

Git is an extremely powerful tool for distributed collaboration — for example, we use it to share and synchronize all the source files for these lectures

There are two main flavors of Git

1. the plain vanilla command line Git version
2. the various point-and-click GUI versions

As an exercise, try

1. Installing Git
2. Getting a copy of QuantEcon.py using Git

For example, if you’ve installed the command line version, open up a terminal and enter

git clone https://github.com/QuantEcon/QuantEcon.py

(This is just git clone in front of the URL for the repository)

Even better,